CHAPTER 1
/SOME,
ANY, MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF, AND A FEW
1.
SOME
& ANY
Some
are used in the positive. Some can be used for objects countable and
uncountable nouns. Some are not used in negative sentences or questions.
Example:
-
I have some friends.
-
We bought some coffee.
-
There are some grapes on the table.
-
My brothers buy some chairs.
Keep
in mind that, if we use some for objects that can be calculated (countable
nouns), the object must be plural / plural.
-
Correct: Tini has some books
-
Wrong: Tini has some book.
-
Correct: Nick and I have some pens.
-
Wrong: Nick and I some pen.
If
after some words we put a noun that can not be calculated / uncountable noun,
then it should not be a noun plus "s / es"
-
True: There is some salt in the kitchen.
-
Wrong:There is some salts in the kitchen.
-
Correct: I need some water.
-
Wrong: I need some waters
Note:
-
Remember, some can not be used in the form of
a negative sentence, or the interrogative sentence.
-
However, to offer something (offer) and demand
(request), we need to put some words in a sentence asked.
Example:
-
Would you like some oranges? (Offer)
-
Can I have some tea? (Request)
-
Would you like some milk?
-
Can I borrow some money?
Any
used only in negative sentences and interrogative sentence / interrogative. In
the negative or interrogative sentence are not allowed to wear some, as with
any word should never be placed in the positive. Once any, we can put a
countable or uncountable nouns. When a noun is countable noun / countable noun
and more than one, then that too must be a noun in the plural / plural.
Example:
-
Correct: I do not have any Math books.
-
Wrong: I do not have any Math book.
-
Correct: Do they need any knives?
-
Wrong: Do they need any knife?
-
There is not any bread left
-
Do you have any money?
-
Is there any sugar?
2.
MUCH
& MANY
The words much and many mean a lot of.
-
If a noun is in singular, we use much
Example: much money
-
If a noun is in plural, we use many
Example: many friends
Use
of much / many
In
everyday English, we normally use much / many only in questions and negative
clauses.
Example: How
much money have you got?
Carla does not have many friends.
In positive clauses with so, as or too, we
also use much / many.
Example:
-
Carla has so many friends.
-
She has as many friends as Sue.
-
Kevin has too much money.
In all other positive clauses, however, we
prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of.
Example:
-
Carla has a lot of / lots of friends.
-
Kevin has a lot of / lots of money.
In formal texts, however, much / many are
also common in positive clauses. This you will notice for example when you read
English news.
Countable
/ Uncountable Nouns
In connection with much / many people often
speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns have a singular and a plural
form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number (that's why they are
called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take many.
Example:
·
100 friends – many friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in
singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number (that's why they are called
'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take much.
Example:
·
100 money – much money
Note: Of course you can count money – but
then you would name the currency and say that you have got 5 euro (but not “5
money“).
3.
A
LOT OF & A FEW
A lot of and lots of are used to express that there is a
large quantity of something.
We use a lot of in
positive sentences, negative sentences and questions. This expression can be
used with countable or uncountable nouns.
·
There are a lot of dogs in the street.
(Countable noun)
·
I have a lot of time to answer your
questions. (Uncountable noun)
·
I saw a lot of people waiting in the queue.
(Countable)
·
We did have a lot of fun, didn't we?
(Uncountable)
We
use lots of in positive and negative sentences, however it is more informal. It
can be used with countable or uncountable nouns, and occasionally in questions.
·
We have lots of time to catch the plane, lets
relax. (Uncountable noun)
·
There are lots of people in the queue today.
(Countable)
·
Oh my, you have spent lots of money on
clothes! (Uncountable)
·
I have lots of questions. (Countable)
She has a lot of money = She has lots of money
We
use a few and a little to suggest a small quantity or not much of something.
A few is used with countable nouns (= some; not many)
A little is used with uncountable nouns (=
some; not much)
·
There are only a few days left until
Christmas. (Countable noun)
·
I have a few crazy friends. (Countable noun)
·
I would like a little milk for my coffee.
(Uncountable noun)
·
There is little hope of finding your wallet.
(Uncountable noun)
While
Few and Little usually have negative meanings, especially when used with very.
·
He is sad because he has few friends.
(Countable noun)
·
There are few honest politicians. (Countable
noun)
·
There is little hope of finding your wallet.
(Uncountable noun)
·
They have very little knowledge about
politics. (Uncountable noun)
CHAPTER
2
ARTICLES
(A, AN, THE)
1.
The
Indefinite Article – A / AN
We
use A/AN with:
a.
Singular nouns and the first time we refer to
a person, animal or thing.
-
a child
-
an elephant
-
a television
b.
We don't use A/AN with possessive pronouns,
demonstratives or cardinal numbers.
-
My shirt is dirty.
-
This car is expensive.
-
One person is in the reception.
c.
We use ONE (or more) instead of A/AN when the
number is important.
-
There is only one exit from the airport.
-
What is the difference between A and AN?
A
is used when the next word begins with a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j,
k etc).
-
a book
-
a table
-
a clock
-
a university (because the beginning of
university sounds like YOU-niversity)
AN
is used when the next word begins with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).
-
an apple
-
an elephant
-
an umbrella
-
an hour (because the H is silent)
2.
The
Definite Article – THE
We
use THE with:
a.
A singular or plural noun when it is clear/obvious
which person or thing we are talking about.
-
There is a lamp in my bedroom. (we mention
the lamp for the first time)
-
The lamp is next to the desk.
b.
Anything which we identify immediately.
-
We watched the new Brad Pitt movie last
night.
c.
Musical instruments (the violin, the guitar,
the drums, the flute, the piccolo).
-
She plays the piano.
d.
Something that is unique or there is only
one.
-
the sun
-
the moon
-
the internet.
e.
Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain
ranges and deserts (always in capitals).
-
The Mississippi River
-
The Black Sea
-
The Andes
-
The Sahara Desert
f.
Directions (cardinal points).
-
the west
-
the south-east
-
the north-west.
3.
No
Article
We
use no article with:
a.
When we refer to general ideas, plurals or
uncountable nouns we do not use THE.
-
Religion is an important issue. (NOT The
religion is an important issue)
-
Mexican food is spicy. (NOT The Mexican food
is spicy).
b.
Names of people, books and plays (unless it
is part of the title).
-
I have read Romeo and Juliet.
c.
Towns, cities, states and countries.
-
Cape Town
-
Montana
-
Vietnam
(Exceptions
– The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic, The Philippines).
d.
Lakes, single islands, continents or
mountains.
-
Lake Victoria
-
Jamaica
-
Asia
-
Mt Fuji
-
Mars
-
Jupiter
-
Saturn
-
Venus
-
soccer
-
tennis
-
skiing
-
monopoly
-
breakfast
-
lunch
-
dinner
-
supper
CHAPTER 3
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on
the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is
performing the action.
Example:
My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the
fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more
polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example:
A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a
mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past
Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example:
A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive
voice, note the following:
-
the object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentence
-
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be
+ past participle)
-
the subject of the active sentence becomes
the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
|
Tense
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
Object
|
|
Simple Present
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
Writes
|
a
letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
is
written
|
by
Rita.
|
|
Simple Past
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
Wrote
|
a
letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
was
written
|
by
Rita.
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
has
written
|
a
letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
has
been written
|
by
Rita.
|
|
Future
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
will
write
|
a
letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
will
be written
|
by
Rita.
|
|
Present Progressive
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
is
writing
|
a
letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
is
being written
|
by
Rita.
|
|
Past Progressive
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
was
writing
|
a
letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
was
being written
|
by
Rita.
|
|
Past Perfect
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
had
written
|
a
letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
had
been written
|
by
Rita.
|
|
Conditional
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
would
write
|
a
letter.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
would
be written
|
by
Rita.
|
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects
in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the
other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends
on what you want to put the focus on.
|
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
Object 1
|
Object 2
|
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
wrote
|
a
letter
|
to
me.
|
|
Passive:
|
A
letter
|
was
written
|
to
me
|
by
Rita.
|
|
Passive:
|
I
|
was
written
|
a
letter
|
by
Rita.
|
As you can see in the examples, adding by
Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object
of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every
verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example:
They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb)
normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that
can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an
intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction –
therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example:
he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in
English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal
Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example:
They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer
than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here,
Personal Passive is more common.
Example:
They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than
men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women)
goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into
passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive
construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used
in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become
the subject of the passive sentence.
CHAPTER 4
INDEFINITE PRONOUN
Indefinite
pronouns are those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or
places. They are called “indefinite” simply because they do not indicate the
exact object, being, or place to which they refer.
Indefinite
pronouns include partitives such as any, anybody, anyone, either, neither,
nobody, no, someone, and some; they also include universals such as every, all,
both, and each; finally, they include quantifiers including any, some, several,
enough, many, and much. Many indefinite pronouns can also function as
determiners.
There
are just two important rules for using indefinite pronouns correctly. Remember
these and you will find that writing comes easier for you.
·
Indefinite pronouns are never plural. They
are always singular.
·
Because indefinite pronouns are singular, the
pronouns or verbs used to refer to them should also be singular.
Examples of Indefinite Pronouns :
·
Many are called, but few are chosen.
·
Somebody ate my sandwich!
·
Everyone says she is beautiful inside and
out.
·
No one wants to hear about my health
problems.
·
Either choice has its advantages.
CHAPTER 5
CAUSATIVE VERB
We use a causative verb when we want to talk
about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means
that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves.
Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. For example,
we can say:
·
I cleaned my house. (This means I cleaned it
myself).
If I paid someone to clean it, of course I can say:
·
A cleaner cleaned my house.
But, another way is to use a causative construction. So I can also say:
·
I had my house cleaned.
In a sense, using a causative verb is similar to using a passive. The
important thing is that the house is now clean. We don't focus on who did the
cleaning.
Have + object + past participle (have something done)
We usually use 'have something done' when we are talking about paying
someone to do something for us. It's often used for services. The form is
'subject + have + object + past participle'.
·
I had my car washed.
·
John will have his house painted.
Get + object + past participle (get something done)
We can also use 'subject + get + object + past participle'.
This has the same meaning as 'have', but is less formal.
·
The students get their essays checked.
·
I'll get my hair cut next week.
·
He got his washing machine fixed.
Have someone do something (have + person + infinitive)
We can also use the construction 'subject + have + person + infinitive'.
This has a very similar meaning to 'have something done', which we've already
talked about, but this time we say who did the thing - we talk about the person
who we asked to do the thing for us.
·
I had the electrician look at my broken
light.
·
The doctor will have the nurse call the
patients.
·
The teacher had the students write the
answers on the whiteboard.
Get someone to do something (get + person + to +
infinitive)
Finally, we can also use the construction 'get + someone + to + infinitive'.
Again, this means that you cause the other person to do the action, maybe by
paying them to do it, or by asking them to do it, or by persuading them to do
it.
·
She gets her son to do his homework by
promising him ice cream when he's finished.
·
I got the cleaner to clean under the
cupboards.
Sometimes, this construction has the feeling that we needed to convince
someone to do something, while the other constructions on this page are
neutral.
CHAPTER 6
DETERMINER
Determiners are words which come
at the beginning of the noun phrase.
They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general. Determiners are either
specific or general
A.
Specific
determiners:
The specific determiners are:
·
the definite article: the
·
possessives: my, your, his, her, its; our,
their, whose
·
demonstratives: this, that, these, those
·
interrogatives: which
We
use a specific determiner when we believe the listener/reader knows exactly what we are referring to:
-
Can you pass me the salt please?
-
Look at those lovely flowers.
-
Thank you very much for your letter.
-
Whose coat is this?
B.
General
determiners:
The general determiners are:
·
a; an; any; another; other; what
When
we are talking about things in general and the listener/reader does not know
exactly what we are referring to, we can use an uncount noun or a plural
noun with no determiner:
-
Milk
is very good for you. (= uncount noun)
-
Health
and education are very important. (=
2 uncount nouns)
-
Girls
normally do better in school than boys.
(= plural nouns with no determiner)
…
or you can use a singular noun with the indefinite article a or an:
-
A
woman was lifted to safety by a helicopter.
-
A
man climbing nearby saw the accident.
We
use the general determiner any with a singular noun or an
uncount noun when we are talking about all of those people or things:
-
It’s very easy. Any child can do it. (= All children can do it)
-
With a full licence you are allowed to drive any car.
-
I like beef, lamb, pork - any meat.
We
use the general determiner another
to talk about an additional person
or thing:
-
Would you like another glass of wine?
The plural form of another is other:
-
I spoke to John, Helen and a few other friends.
CHAPTER 7
QUESTION TAG
Question tags are the short
questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English.
There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult to
learn.
Positive/negative
If the main part of the sentence is
positive, the question tag is negative ….
·
He’s
a doctor, isn’t he?
·
You
work in a bank, don’t you?
... and if the main part of the
sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.
·
You
haven’t met him, have you?
·
She
isn’t coming, is she?
With auxiliary verbs
The question tag uses the same verb
as the main part of the sentence. If this is an auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’)
then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb.
·
They’ve
gone away for a few days, haven’t they?
·
They
weren’t here, were they?
·
He
had met him before, hadn’t he?
·
This
isn’t working, is it?
Without auxiliary verbs
If the main part of the sentence
doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an appropriate form of
‘do’.
·
I
said that, didn’t I?
·
You
don’t recognise me, do you?
·
She
eats meat, doesn’t she?
With modal verbs
If there is a modal verb in the
main part of the sentence the question tag uses the same modal verb.
·
They
couldn’t hear me, could they?
·
You
won’t tell anyone, will you?
With ‘I am’
Be careful with question tags with
sentences that start ‘I am’. The question tag for ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’
·
I’m
the fastest, aren’t I?
CHAPTER 8
THIRD CONDITIONAL
We make the third conditional by
using the past perfect after 'if'
and then 'would have' and the past
participle in the second part of the sentence:
if
+ past perfect, ...would + have + past participle
It talks about the past. It's used
to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this
situation.
·
If
she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't
study and so she didn't pass)
·
If
I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so
I did feel sick).
·
If
we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
·
She
wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
·
She
would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
·
He
would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine
SUCH
and SO
Such is a determiner; so is an
adverb. They often have the same meaning of ‘very’ or ‘to this degree’:
Those
are such good chocolates.
Those
chocolates are so good.
We use such + noun phrase and so +
adjective or adverb phrase:
She is such a great
cook.
Not: She is so great
cook.
That was so unpleasant.
(so + adjective)
Not: That was such
unpleasant.
Why do you drive so
fast? (so + adverb)
Not: Why do you drive
such fast?
Compare:
|
so + adjective
|
such + noun phrase
|
|
You’re so kind.
|
He’s such a kind
person
|
|
It was so hot we
couldn’t work.
|
November was such a
cold month.
|
So but not such can also be used in
front of much, many, little, few to add emphasis:
So much food was wasted
every day.
Not: Such much food was
wasted …
In those days there
were so few doctors in our area.
Not: … there were such
few doctors …
Typical
errors
·
We
use such, not so, before a noun, even if there is an adjective before the noun:
They’re such snobs!
They won’t speak to anyone else in the village.
Not: They’re so snobs …
Those are such cool
shoes. Where did you get them?
Not: Those are so cool
shoes.
·
We
use such, not so, before a noun phrase with the indefinite article a/an:
This is such a
wonderful kitchen!
Not: This is a so
wonderful kitchen!
·
We
use so, not such, before adjectives:
Thank you.
You’re so kind.
Not:
You’re such kind.
·
We
use so, not such, before adverbs:
She always dresses so elegantly.
Not: She always dresses such
elegantly.
CHAPTER 9
DIRECT & INDIRECT
1.
PRESENT
TENSES
·
Present
simple tense into Past simple.
|
Present Simple
|
Past Simple
|
|
He said, “I write a
letter”
|
He said that he wrote
a letter.
|
|
She said, “he goes to
school daily”
|
He said that she went
to school daily.
|
|
They said, “we love
our country”
|
They said that they
loved their country
|
|
He said, “he does not
like computer”
|
He said that he did
not like computer.
|
·
Present
Continuous tense into Past continuous
|
Present Continous
|
Past Continous
|
|
He said, “he is
listening to the music”
|
He said that he was
listening to the music.
|
|
She said, “I am
washing my clothes”
|
She said that she
was washing her clothes.
|
|
They said, “we are
enjoying the weather”
|
They said that they
were not enjoying the weather.
|
|
She said, “I am not
laughing”
|
She said that she
was not laughing.
|
·
Present
Perfect tense into Pas perfect
|
Present Perfect
|
Pas Perfect
|
|
She said, “he has
finished his work”
|
She said that he
had finished his work.
|
|
He said, “I have
started a job”
|
He said that he had
started a job.
|
|
I said, “she have
eaten the meal”
|
I said that she had
eaten the meal.
|
|
They said, “we have
not gone to New York.
|
They said that they
had not gone to New York.
|
·
Present
Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Past perfect continuous
|
|
He said, “I have
been studying since 3 O’clock”
|
He said that he had
been studying since 3 O’clock.
|
|
She said, “It has
been raining for three days.”
|
She said that it
been raining for three days.
|
|
I said, “She has
been working in this office since 2007”
|
I said that she had
been working in this office since 2007.
|
2.
PAST
TENSES
·
Past
simple into Past Perfect
|
Past simple
|
Past Perfect
|
|
He said to me, “you
answered correctly”
|
He said to me that
I had answered correctly.
|
|
John said, “they
went to cinema”
|
John said that they
had gone to cinema.
|
|
He said, “I made a
table”
|
He said that he had
made a table.
|
|
She said, “I didn’t
buy a car”
|
She said that she
had not bought a car.
|
·
Past
Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
|
They said, “we were
enjoying the weather”
|
They said that they
had been enjoying.
|
|
He said to me, “ I
was waiting for you”
|
He said to me that
he had been waiting for me.
|
|
I said, “It was
raining”
|
I said that it had been
raining.
|
|
She said, “I was
not laughing”
|
She said that she
not been laughing.
|
·
Past
Perfect into Past Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
|
She said, “She had
visited a doctor”
|
She said that she
had visited a doctor.
|
|
He said, “I had
started a business”
|
He said that he had
started a business.
|
|
I said, “she had
eaten the meal”
|
I said that she had
eaten the meal.
|
|
They said, “we had
not gone to New York.
|
They said they had
not gone to New York.
|
3.
FUTURE
TENSES
·
Future
simple, will into would
|
Future simple, will into would
|
|
He said, “I will
study the book”
|
He said that he
would study the book.
|
|
She said, “I will
buy a computer”
|
She said that she
would buy a computer.
|
|
They said to me,
“we will send you gifts”
|
They said to me
that they would send you gifts.
|
|
I said, “I will not
take the exam”
|
I said that I would
not take the exam
|
·
Future
Continuous, will be into would be
|
Future Continuous, will be into
would be
|
|
I said to him, “ I
will be waiting for him”
|
I said to him that
I would be waiting for him.
|
|
She said,” I will
be shifting to new home”
|
She said that she
would be shifting to a new home.
|
|
He said, “I will be
working hard”
|
He said that he
would be working hard.
|
|
She said, “he will
not be flying kite”
|
She said that he
would not be flying kites.
|
·
Future
Perfect, will have into would have
|
Future Perfect, will have into
would have
|
|
He said, “I will
have finished the work”
|
He said that he
would have finished the work.
|
|
She said, “they
will have passed the examination”
|
She said that they
would have passed the examination
|
|
He said, “I will
have gone”
|
He said that he
would have gone.
|
4.
QUESTION
TAG
·
Yes/no
Question
To change questions (which can be
answered in yes or no) into indirect speech, word “if” or “whether” is used
before the question in indirect speech. Rules for change in tense of question
sentences are same as for change in normal tenses in indirect speech but
sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the tense. The word “that”
is not used between reporting verb and reported speech as conjunction in
indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not used in indirect
speech.
Examples.
-
Direct
speech: He said to me, “do you like music?”
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I
liked music. (Not, did I like music)
-
Direct
speech: She said, “Will he participate
in the quiz competition?”
Indirect Speech: She asked me if he
would participate in quiz competition.
-
Direct
speech: I said to him, “are you feeling well?”
Indirect Speech: I asked him if he
was feeling well.
-
Direct
speech: They said to me, “did u go to school?”
Indirect Speech: They asked me if I
had gone to school.
-
Direct
speech: He said to me, “Have you taken the breakfast?”
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I
had taken the breakfast
·
WH
Question
To change such questions into
indirect speech, the words “if” or “whether” is not used. The tense of the
question is changed according to the rules for change in normal tenses in
indirect speech but sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the
tense. The word “that” is not used between reporting verb and reported speech
as conjunction, in indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not
used in indirect speech.
Examples.
-
Direct
speech: He said to me, “how are you?”
Indirect speech: He asked me how I
was. (Not, how was I)
-
Direct
speech: Teacher said to him, “what is your name?”
Indirect speech: Teacher asked him
what his name was.
-
Direct
speech: She said to him, “why did you come late?”
Indirect speech: She asked him why
he had come late.
-
Direct
speech: He said, “when will they come?”
Indirect speech: He asked when they
would come.
-
Direct
speech: She asked his son, “why are you crying?”
00Indirect speech: She asked her
son why he was crying.
